![]() Antipseudomonal penicillins (e.g., piperacillin, ticarcillin).Aminopenicillin s ( amoxicillin, ampicillin).Anti-staphylococcal penicillins (e.g., oxacillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin).Natural penicillins ( penicillin G and penicillin V).Antibiotics that are interfering with bacterial protein synthesis target the subunits (30S and 50S) of bacterial ribosomes (70S) and do not affect human ribosomes (80S).Īs a general rule, agents that inhibit cell wall synthesis are bactericidal (except ethambutol), while those that inhibit protein synthesis are bacteriostatic (except rifamycins, and aminoglycosides). ![]() Some antibiotics can be both bactericidal and bacteriostatic (e.g., dapsone ).Some antibiotics are bacteriostatic only against certain pathogens (e.g., glycopeptides against C.Bacteriostatic drug: a substance that slows bacterial growth or stops bacterial reproduction (e.g., tetracyclines, glycylcyclines, macrolides).In higher concentrations (e.g., amphenicols).Against certain pathogens (e.g., oxazolidinones are only bactericidal against Streptococci).In combination (e.g., sulfonamides combined with diaminopyrimidine streptogramin A combined with streptogramin B.Some antibiotics are only effective if used:.Bactericidal drug: a substance that kills bacteria (e.g., β-lactams, glycopeptides, epoxides ).Antibiotics: antimicrobial drugs effective against bacteria.Antibiotics are widely used because they are instrumental in the management of infectious diseases however, use of antibiotics without valid indications and with inappropriate dosages and timing has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens (e.g., MRSA, Pseudomonas). In the case of severe infection, one or more antibiotics may be initiated without waiting for a microbiological confirmation ( empiric antibiotic therapy) to target the most likely pathogens. Many antibiotics are contraindicated in certain patient groups (e.g., children, pregnant and/or breastfeeding women). Common side effects of antibiotic treatment include hypersensitivity reactions, as well as nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic effects. Most antibiotics work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or certain enzymes (e.g., THF, RNA-polymerase) in bacteria. Antibiotics are effective against either a small group of bacteria ( narrow-spectrum) or a wide range of pathogens ( broad-spectrum). Antibiotics can have bacteriostatic (i.e., stopping bacterial reproduction), bactericidal (i.e., killing bacteria), or both mechanisms of action. Some antibiotics are also used against parasitic infections. Antibiotics are a class of drugs employed mainly against bacterial infections.
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